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Age of water masses11/25/2023 ![]() ![]() ![]() Thule archaeological siteĮarly Paleo-Eskimo groups included the Pre-Dorset ( c. At this time, falling sea levels allowed people to move across the Bering land bridge that joined Siberia to northwestern North America (Alaska), leading to the Settlement of the Americas. Human habitation in the North American polar region goes back at least 17,000–50,000 years, during the Wisconsin glaciation. Decrease of old Arctic Sea ice 1982–2007 History North America Compared to the average extent (1979–2000), the sea ice had diminished by 49%. In September 2012, the Arctic ice extent reached a new record minimum. The US National Snow and Ice Data Center (NSIDC) uses satellite data to provide a daily record of Arctic sea ice cover and the rate of melting compared to an average period and specific past years, showing a continuous decline in sea ice extent. The summer shrinking of the ice has been quoted at 50%. The Arctic Ocean's surface temperature and salinity vary seasonally as the ice cover melts and freezes its salinity is the lowest on average of the five major oceans, due to low evaporation, heavy fresh water inflow from rivers and streams, and limited connection and outflow to surrounding oceanic waters with higher salinities. It is mostly covered by sea ice throughout the year and almost completely in winter. The Arctic Ocean is surrounded by Eurasia and North America, and the borders follow topographic features: the Bering Strait on the Pacific side and the Greenland Scotland Ridge on the Atlantic side. The Arctic Ocean includes the North Pole region in the middle of the Northern Hemisphere and extends south to about 60°N. It is also seen as the northernmost part of the all-encompassing World Ocean. It has also been described as an estuary of the Atlantic Ocean. The International Hydrographic Organization (IHO) recognizes it as an ocean, although some oceanographers call it the Arctic Mediterranean Sea. It spans an area of approximately 14,060,000 km 2 (5,430,000 sq mi) and is known as one of the coldest of oceans. The Arctic Ocean is the smallest and shallowest of the world's five major oceans. ![]()
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